Comparative Effectiveness of Epoetin and Darbepoetin for Managing Anemia in Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment

This review compares the efficacy and adverse effects of specific erythropoietic stimulants (i.e., epoetin [alfa or beta], darbepoetin alfa) when used to manage anemia in patients undergoing cancer therapy (i.e., chemotherapy and/or radiation). This review also addresses questions relevant to optimizing the use of erythropoietic stimulants as a general class: the outcomes of using alternative thresholds to initiate or discontinue treatment and whether there are early predictors of response to treatment. Erythropoietin is an endogenous hormone, produced primarily in the kidney, which participates in regulating red blood cell production (erythropoiesis). Two forms of recombinant human erythropoietin—epoetin alfa and epoetin beta (the latter not commercially available in the United States)—have been extensively studied and used clinically for more than a decade to treat various anemias; they have similar clinical efficacy. In a recent review of safety concerns associated with recombinant human erythropoietins, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) briefing document noted that “…the biochemical differences between various erythropoietin products are not associated with marked differences in the pharmacodynamic properties of the different products when used at recommended doses, thus effects observed with these non-US-licensed products may also be associated with the U.S. licensed product.” Anemia (deficiency of red blood cells) occurs in 13-78 percent of patients undergoing treatment for solid tumors and 30-40 percent of patients treated for lymphoma. Tumor type, treatment regimen, and history of prior cancer therapy influence the risk and severity of anemia. This report focuses on use of epoetin or darbepoetin to manage anemia in patients undergoing cancer treatment…